NIGERIAN Bar Association (NBA) has demanded the suspension of the implementation of the new tax laws, over alleged alteration to their copies gazetted by the Presidency.
The NBA expressed fears over the integrity and transparency of Nigeria’s lawmaking process over the alleged alterations to the laws.
In a statement on Tuesday, December 22, signed by its president, Afam Osigwe, the NBA said the issues arising from the passage of the laws raiser grave concerns necessitating the need to stop their implementation.
“These developments strike at the very heart of constitutional governance and call into question the procedural sanctity that must attend lawmaking in a democratic society,” the group said.
It added, “The Nigerian Bar Association considers it imperative that a comprehensive, open, and transparent investigation be conducted to clarify the circumstances surrounding the enactment of the laws and to restore public confidence in the legislative process.”
The association urged that all plans for implementing the laws be immediately suspended until the issues raised are fully examined and resolved.
“Legal and policy uncertainty of this magnitude has far-reaching consequences. It unsettles the business environment, erodes investor confidence, and creates unpredictability for individuals, businesses, and institutions required to comply with the law.
“Such uncertainty is inimical to economic stability and should have no place in a system governed by the rule of law.
“Nigeria’s constitutional democracy demands that laws, especially those with profound economic and social implications, emerge from processes that are transparent, accountable, and beyond reproach. Anything short of this undermines public trust and weakens the foundation upon which lawful governance rests.”
The body called on all relevant authorities to act swiftly and responsibly in addressing the controversy, in the overriding interest of constitutional order, economic stability, and the preservation of the rule of law.
On Wednesday, member of the House of Representatives from Sokoto, Abdussamad Dasuki, claimed that the gazetted tax laws were different from the version passed by the National Assembly.
Reacting, the House of Representatives constituted a seven-member committee to investigate the alleged discrepancies.
The suspension appeal came after the Federal Government had prepared the grounds for implementing the new tax laws from January 1, 2026, with the approval of the establishment of the National Tax Policy Implementation Committee (NTPIC).
The committee has been tasked with overseeing the coordinated rollout of the Federal Government’s new tax reforms.
THE Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) has directed that the National Identification Number issued by the National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) should become tax identification number for Nigerians.
The FIRS announced this in a public awareness campaign on Monday, December 22, as it prepares to enforce and implement the new tax laws from January 1, 2026.
The revenue agency also disclosed that for registered businesses, their Registry Certificate (RC) number issued by the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) automatically becomes their tax ID under the new tax system.
This declaration comes amidst concerns over a provision of the tax laws mandating a tax ID for bank account ownership.
According to the revenue agency, the Nigeria Tax Administration Act (NTAA) mandates the use of Tax ID for certain transactions.
It, however, noted that the requirement was not new, adding that it had existed since the Finance Act 2019 and had been strengthened under the NTAA.
It also stressed that the Tax ID unifies all TINS previously issued by FIRS. “For individuals, your NIN automatically serves as your Tax ID, while for registered companies, your CAC RC number is used.
“You do not need a physical card; the Tax ID is a unique number linked directly to your identity,” the FIRS stated.
It also noted that the new tax ID systems simplified identification, reduced duplication, closed loophole for tax evasion and ensured fairness to enable everyone earning taxable income to contribute their share.
By this directive, all Nigerians with NIN now automatically have a Tax ID and can be easily brought into the tax net, provided they receive taxable income.
Already, 123.9 million Nigerians had so far been issued the NIN as of October 2025, according to data released by the NIMC.
The declaration by the FIRS erases the concerns that many Nigerians would have to go through another tedious process of acquiring a tax ID from next year to open bank accounts.
The Chairman of the Presidential Fiscal Policy and Tax Reforms Committee, Taiwo Oyedele, had earlier dismissed claims that all bank accounts were mandated to have a TIN before January 2026.
According to him, Section 4 of the NTAA requires a taxable person to require and obtain a Tax ID, and a taxable income is anyone who earns income through trade or any economic activity.
Individuals who do not earn income, such as students and dependents, do not need to obtain a tax ID, he said, stressing that since 2020, anyone operating a bank account for businesses, or a corporate account, had needed a tax Identification number.
THE Nigerian National Committee of the International Press Institute (IPI Nigeria) has condemned the arrest and detention of Adenike Atanda and her nine-month-old baby by operatives of the Nigeria Police Force, describing the action as unlawful, inhumane and a grave abuse of power.
In a statement signed by its president, Musikilu Mojeed, and legal adviser, Tobi Soniyi, IPI Nigeria said Atanda was detained for several hours on Monday, December 22, at the Owutu Police Station in Ikorodu, Lagos, in place of her husband, Sodeeq Atanda, a senior investigative reporter with the Foundation for Investigative Journalism (FIJ).
According to the organisation, police officers tracked Atanda and her infant to their neighbourhood and arrested them while the journalist was not at home, even though neither the woman nor her child was a suspect or accused of any offence.
The organisation said the arrest amounted to an unlawful arrest by proxy, in violation of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) 2015 and the Nigeria Police Act 2020.
It further accused the officers of subjecting Atanda to harassment and psychological trauma, alleging that she was coerced into falsely telling her husband that their baby was gravely ill in order to lure him out.
The organisation said it was particularly disturbed that the officers involved were attached to the Inspector-General of Police (IGP) Monitoring Unit, noting that the incident occurred weeks after the IPI Nigeria listed the IGP, Kayode Egbetokun, in its Nigeria Book of Infamy over press freedom violations.
It recalled that following the listing, the IGP had initiated engagement with IPI Nigeria and mandated his office’s Monitoring Unit to interface with the institute on addressing the growing harassment of journalists nationwide.
“Ironically, the very unit designated for that engagement has now executed one of the most brazen violations of journalists’ rights witnessed in recent times,” the statement said.
The organisation announced the suspension of all engagements with the Nigeria Police Force until there is clear evidence of accountability, respect for the rule of law and an end to hostility towards journalists.
The IPI Nigeria said Atanda and her baby were released only after the journalist presented himself to the police.
The ICIRreported that Atanda was subsequently arrested, handcuffed and detained, and was released late Monday night following public outcry and the intervention of IPI Nigeria.
The IPI Nigeria demanded a public apology from the police to Atanda and her baby, adequate compensation for their unlawful arrest and trauma, and the immediate arrest, investigation and prosecution of all officers involved, including their dismissal from service.
The organisation also insisted that the journalist Atanda be allowed to carry out his duties without intimidation or harassment, warning the police against interfering in civil or commercial disputes that should be resolved by the courts.
It said persistent abuse of power within the police thrived because misconduct was rarely punished, fostering a culture of impunity that continued to erode public confidence in the force.
It called on the IGP to decisively purge the force of officers unfit to serve and demonstrate genuine commitment to reform, accountability and respect for press freedom.
Meanwhile, FIJ reported that the incident was linked to an investigation by Atanda into allegations that Adeyemi Awoyinfa, chief executive officer of Legend Adex Immigration Consult, refused to refund £15,000 collected in November 2023 from a UK-based Nigerian after failing to deliver two certificates of sponsorship.
The story was first published by FIJ on November 4, 2024.
According to the report, the complainant paid £15,000 as part payment of an agreed £30,000, with the balance to be paid after delivery of the certificates. Awoyinfa allegedly promised to deliver the documents within two weeks but failed to do so and also failed to refund the money despite repeated assurances over several months.
FIJ reported that the complainant later reported the matter to the Akobo Police Station in Ibadan.
Awoyinfa, through his lawyer, denied the allegations and said the matter was under police investigation.
Police vows to sanction erring officer
Reacting to a post by human rights activist Omoyele Sowore, who condemned Atanda’s arrest, police spokesperson, Benjamin Hundeyin, said the Inspector-General of Police did not condone the actions of the officers involved.
He said the IGP was informed of the incident and promptly ordered the release of the journalist, directing that the head of the unit involved be sanctioned.
Hundeyin said IGP Egbetokun remained committed to press freedom and would not tolerate any conduct that undermined it.
THE Lagos State Police Command has released Sodeeq Atanda, a senior investigative reporter with the Foundation for Investigative Journalism (FIJ), after arresting and detaining him on Monday, December 22.
Atanda was arrested in Ikorodu and taken to the Force Headquarters in Obalende, Lagos. He was released a few minutes before midnight after backlash.
The police had detained Atanda’s wife, Adenike, and her nine-month-old baby at the Owutu Police Station in Ikorodu for more than five hours. According to FIJ, the officers used the detention to lure Atanda out, coercing his wife to call him and claim that their baby was ill.
Adenike said the police later drove her and the baby to a street close to their home and released them after Atanda was arrested.
“They handcuffed him and took him away. That was when they released my baby and me,” she said.
The arrest followed an earlier ‘dubious’ police invitation to Atanda on November 26 by a person who identified himself as ‘Omo Eleniyan’, claiming to be attached to the Inspector General of Police Monitoring Unit in Lagos.
In a WhatsApp message, Eleniyan said Atanda had been mentioned in a petition referred from the office of the Inspector General of Police. Atanda requested that the invitation be sent through FIJ’s official email address, but the request was declined and no formal invitation was sent to FIJ.
There was no further communication from the police until Monday, when officers arrested Atanda’s wife and child.
After his arrest, the reporter was taken to the Force Headquarters in Obalende.
According to FIJ, at about 11:12pm, the Investigating Police Officer handling the case informed FIJ’s founder and editor-in-chief, Fisayo Soyombo, that Atanda would be released. However, when Soyombo arrived at the station, the police asked Atanda to write a statement, which he declined.
Following further interventions by the president of the Nigerian chapter of the International Press Institute (IPI), Musikilu Mojeed, the police released Atanda unconditionally shortly before midnight.
Mojeed described the incident as unacceptable and said efforts would be made to ensure the police stop such actions against journalists.
Continued clampdown on journalists
The incident came amid heightened concerns over press freedom in Nigeria. On December 2, 2025, IPI Nigeria unveiled its newly established Nigeria Book of Infamy, a platform created to publicly name state actors involved in abuses against journalists.
The book, launched in Abuja by Vice President Kashim Shettima at the 2025 IPI Nigeria Conference, listed the Inspector-General of Police, Kayode Egbetokun, alongside the governors of Niger and Akwa Ibom states, as its first entries.
IPI Nigeria said Egbetokun was listed over repeated cases of police excesses against journalists, despite several engagements with the police leadership.
Mojeed warned that harassment, intimidation and arbitrary arrests of journalists by security agencies had become widespread, contributing to Nigeria’s drop in the 2025 Global Press Freedom Index.
He said the arrest of journalists investigating corruption or reporting police misconduct, as well as the misuse of laws such as the Cybercrime Act, reflected a shrinking civic space and growing intolerance for press scrutiny.
Mojeed also warned that further attacks on journalists would be fiercely resisted, stressing that journalism is not a crime and that continued intimidation of the media undermines democracy and accountability.
THE United States has announced a partial suspension of the issuance of specific visa categories to Nigerians, effective January 1, 2026, under a new presidential proclamation on border and national security.
The US Mission in Nigeria announced on Monday that the restriction would take effect at 12:01 am Eastern Standard Time in line with Presidential Proclamation 10998.
“Effective January 1, 2026, at 12:01 a.m. EST, in line with Presidential Proclamation 10998 on “Restricting and Limiting the Entry of Foreign Nationals to Protect the Security of the United States,” the statement read in part.
“The Department of State is partially suspending visa issuance to nationals of 19 countries – Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Benin, Burundi, Cote D’Ivoire, Cuba, Dominica, Gabon, The Gambia, Malawi, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Venezuela, Zambia, and Zimbabwe – for nonimmigrant B-1/B-2 visitor visas and F, M, J student and exchange visitor visas,” it added.
The US clarified that the suspension was not blanket, adding that it exempted immigrant visas for ethnic and religious minorities facing persecution in Iran, dual nationals applying with passports from countries not affected by the measure, and Special Immigrant Visas for eligible US government employees.
Participants in certain major sporting events, Lawful Permanent Residents (LPRs) are not affected by the decision.
The US emphasised that the proclamation applied only to foreign nationals outside the US, and who do not possess a valid US visa as of January 1, 2026.
“Foreign nationals, even those outside the United States, who hold valid visas as of the effective date are not subject to Presidential Proclamation 10998. No visas issued before January 1, 2026, at 12:01 a.m. EST, have been or will be revoked pursuant to the Proclamation,” the statement further stated.
It indicated that applications for certain immigrant visas, including green cards, could face suspension under a new presidential proclamation.
Visa applicants from affected countries may still submit applications and attend interviews. However, such applicants may be ineligible for visa issuance or admission to the US under the new rules.
The ICIR reports that the US has rolled out a series of restrictive measures in recent weeks, heightening concerns among Nigerians seeking to travel, study, or migrate to the country.
In October, Washington reinstated Nigeria on its list of countries accused of violating religious freedom, citing persistent insecurity and attacks on Christian communities as key concerns.
This was followed by Nigeria’s addition to a revised US travel ban list, which imposed partial entry restrictions on Nigerians.
President Donald Trump recently recalled the US Ambassador to Nigeria, Richard Mills, in what appears to be part of a broader diplomatic shake-up across the country’s foreign missions.
Earlier this year, the US government reduced the validity of most non-immigrant visas issued to Nigerians to single-entry visas with a three-month duration.
Editor’s note: Reader discretion is advised as some images in this report may be disturbing.
ON Sunday, December 14, 2025, armed men on motorcycles attacked Ayetoro-Kiri community in Kabba/Bunu LGA of Kogi State. They abducted at least 30 residents, mostly children and elderly worshippers. The attackers stormed homes and churches before fleeing through nearby forests.
Kayode Blessing was on her feet, swaying gently to hymns and clapping along with the congregation, when the first gunshot cracked through their Sunday service at Ayetoro Kiri, Kogi State.
For a moment, she, alongside dozen others, froze, unsure of what she had heard. Then came another. The service faltered as people began to scamper towards the exit of the church.
Kayode Blessing, whom two children were among the captives
Blessing was worshipping at the Apostolic Church, just a short distance away. Her little two children aged six, and four, were not with her. They had followed their neighbour’s children to another church – First Evangelical Church Winning All (ECWA) in the same village.
By the time she rushed outside, seeking for safety the town was already gripped with panic. She said she saw everyone running towards the mountain and thick forest that surround the village, but she had to look for her children first.
She then proceeded towards the ECWA Church, however, when she reached the path leading there, she saw the rampaging armed terrorists on bikes riding away with many people, including her two children.
Six-year-old Kajoteni and four-years-old Deborah were among dozens of worshippers, mostly children and elderly victims, abducted on Sunday, December 14, 2025, when armed men stormed the Church shortly after the service ended in Ayetoro Kiri community of Kogi State.
When The ICIR approached her and her husband a few days after the incident, she was struggling with many things. The husband Kayode said the mother had refused to eat since the incident happened.
“The help I need now from the government is the safe return of my children. They are very young,” the mother of two said.
Her family was not alone. The attack affected several households in the village. Like Blessing, Alice Daniels was also not at the ECWA Church when the gunmen attacked.
Alice Daniels’s husband was kidnapped during the church attack in Aiyetoro-Kiri
She was at home preparing breakfast for her family when the bandits rode through the forest path into the village. Her house is one of the first near the junction leading to the centre of the community.
Her husband was in the bathroom at the time. Moments after she stepped into the small kitchen behind the main compound, where she was cooking with firewood, she saw the terrorists advancing toward the village. She immediately shouted to her husband and neighbours that “They (terrorists) have come again o! They have come! The terrorists are here!”
But by the time her husband rushed out of the bathroom, the gunmen had already surrounded the entire compound. He tried to escape through the backyard but was caught by the bandits, who dragged him away and placed him on one of their motorcycles. He was among the first victims abducted before the attackers moved on to other houses and then the church, where they seized many more residents.
How Ayetoro-Kiri was invaded after Sunday service
Residents and worshippers said the ECWA Church holds two sessions—Sunday School from 8:30am to 9:30am, followed by the main service from 9:30am to 11:00am. The attack happened immediately after the main service ended.
Interior view of First ECWA Church in Ayetoro-Kiri after Sunday’s bandit attack
Survivors and residents told The ICIR that a church member who had stepped outside suddenly ran back after sighting armed men approaching and firing shots into the air. Her warning triggered a frantic attempt to flee, but many children and elderly worshippers were caught unawares in the chaos that followed.
The ICIR gathered that moments later, the attackers stormed Ayetoro First ECWA Church. “They came on about 50 motorcycles. We believe they were up to 100 gunmen, firing sporadically to force residents to scatter,” recalled the town’s head of local security, Olorunmaye Kolawole.
Residents, including the village head, the Adetoro of Ayetoro Kiri, Olusegun Durowaye, said they could not immediately provide an exact figure of those abducted. However, they confirmed that more than 20 worshippers were taken from inside the Church, while about 10 other residents were abducted from their homes as the attackers ransacked the community before retreating into nearby forests.
They also explained that the gunmen moved toward other churches in the area, but news of the attack had already spread. Many worshippers had fled, while some churches shut their doors immediately.
Ayetoro-Kiri’s head of vigilante, Olorunmaye Kolawole, showing The ICIR the path leading to the forest through which bandits entered and left the community.
The attackers, who struck shortly after entering the village, reportedly followed a single path leading into the community. They were said to have retreated through the same route, which connects nearby villages such as Agbede, Obajana and Osokosoko, and leads toward Lokoja while also bordering parts of Niger State. They then disappeared into the bush at the far end of the community, an area surrounded by hills and dense vegetation.
At the other end of the village, near the First ECWA Church, several worshippers escaped abduction by fleeing towards the hills and mountains behind the church as soon as they heard gunshots. Others managed to escape into the bush while the attackers were attempting to line people up.
Witnesses said the assailants, who arrived on motorcycles with at least two men on each bike, would seize victims at gunpoint, force them onto the motorcycles between them, and speed off along the same route. Other gunmen moved from house to house, ransacking properties and firing at anyone they found hiding.
During the attack, one resident identified as Adeyemi James, popularly known as Jayjay, was killed while trying to rescue his child.
Shot in the leg, grazed in the abdomen
Twelve-year-old Adeyemi Damola lay on a narrow hospital bed at Victory Clinic, still bearing the gunshot injury inflicted on him. His left leg was tightly bandaged from a gunshot wound, while another injury was visible around his lower chest and abdomen, where he was grazed by a bullet.
Twelve-year-old Adeyemi Damola hospitalised after suffering gunshots injury
Damola was with his father when the attack began. The ICIR gathered that the father and son attempted to flee the area together as gunmen stormed the community. In the process, the boy was first shot in the leg, slowing him down. As they struggled to escape the danger zone, another bullet struck his father, leaving him with a second injury around the abdomen.
However, his father died at the scene while trying to shield him. A female relative who has taken on the role of Damola’s mother said the boy had been in constant pain since the attack and struggles to sleep.
More children abducted
Beyond the injured, the attack left several families grappling with the anguish of children taken away into the forest. It was gathered that children as young as two-years-old were taken by the terrorists.
Olorunsogo Abejide, said his 2-year-old daughter was among those abducted from the church, adding that she had just finished praying when gunshots rang out.
Olorunsogo Abejide speaking with The ICIR
“I was inside when I heard the gunshots and uproar. Everybody, including myself, started running towards the church but before I could even get there, they had already carried my child and placed him in the middle,” he said.
She said the family had received no reassurance from security agencies or government officials.
Similarly, Olusanmi Taiwo was also not at ECWA Church when the gunmen attacked. She was at home, having come back from her own church service and preparing food for the family when she heard gunshots and the uproar that followed it. By the time she reached the church, she said her two-year-old child Tolu had been kidnapped.
“They didn’t stop at the church; they went into people’s houses and took whoever they met. I was safe but when I reached the church my child has been kidnapped,” she said.
Olusanmi Taiwo
Both parents said the scale of the abduction had overwhelmed the community, with many families unable to confirm the whereabouts of their children, days after the attack.
Fear, anxiety grips community
The abductions, they said, have deepened fear in Ayetoro Kiri, forcing many families to flee the village, while those who remain keep vigil to ensure safety of the villagers.
The ICIR reports that the recent attack that led to the abduction of over 30 residents came amid a surge in violent incidents across Aiyetoro land. It was gathered that the Aiyetoro has about 11 communities, of which Aiyetoro-Kiri was one of the most populated ones. Until 2025, the community had over 10,000 inhabitants.
However, series of attacks on the village and the neighbouring towns by armed groups have led to mass exodus of people in the area which also falls under Kogi West Senatorial District.
One of the many houses abandoned in Aiyetoro-Kiri
The Kogi West Senatorial District has reportedly come under sustained attacks, with many communities affected in the last 12 months across Kabba-Bunu, Lokoja, Yagba East and Yagba West LGAs. The district also borders Kwara State, where violence has escalated significantly, including attacks linked to the Mahmuda terrorist faction and other armed groups.
Many houses were seen to have been deserted while only a handful residents were in the village. The ICIR also observed how a number of people were still moving out of the town as of Wednesday, December 17.
The Adetoro of Ayetoro Kiri, Olusegun Durowaye in his palace speaking with The ICIR
The head of the village, Durowaye, explained that the village population has drastically reduced as people are now leaving the area due to persistent violence that only started around March this year.
Findings show that terrorists on March 27 first launched attack on Aiyetoro-Kiri, abducting five who would later spend three and half months in the hands of the bandits. They were only released after the village met up with the huge demand of N50 million by the bandits.
The village head said despite their complaints to the government, the villagers raised the money with no government support and over N20 million was still being owed to the borrowers.
About a month later, Durowaye’s brother was killed in his farm on August 7, by the armed group. The state government condemned the killing, vowing to ensure swift justice and enhance security across the region. However, residents claimed there has been no government or security presence in the area.
Just a few weeks later, on November 26, another resident was killed, and several others were injured when bandits, dislodged in Kwara State, moved into the forests of Kogi and attacked the village. The attacks went on also in neighbouring towns simultaneously.
Broader pattern across Kogi West
The Ayetoro incident is part of a broader pattern of violence that has been directed at churches in Nigeria, including Kogi State in the last couple of months. The ICIR analysis shows that between August and December 2025, at least three major attacks targeted churches across Ofu, Yagba West, and Kabba/Bunu LGAs of Kogi State.
Each incident followed a similar method of armed men invading church premises during or immediately after worship services, abducting congregants, and retreating through forested routes that link several rural communities.
Spotlight on church attacks in Kogi state
For instance, on November 30, gunmen invaded a Cherubim and Seraphim Church in Ejiba, Yagba West, abducting a cleric and several worshippers. Also on December 7, gunmen reportedly killed Moses Wada, an assistant pastor of Dunamis International Gospel Centre, Anyigba, and abducted the church’s presiding pastor, his wife, and several others along the Enugu–Kogi highway.
The attack occurred on Saturday, December 7, 2025, as the church delegation was returning to Anyigba after attending a programme in Nsukka, Enugu State.
Earlier, on August 26, two members of the Christian Evangelical Fellowship of Nigeria (CEFN) Church in Ofu LGA were also taken after a church service. Both clergies were travelling on a motorcycle when they ran into the kidnappers along Ajegwu-Ojodu road in Ofu LGA of Kogi State.
Meanwhile, the Aiyetoro-Kiri village head, Durowaye, alleged that the past attacks on the village and latest abduction of worshippers are perpetrated by Fulfulde speaking assailants, who he said are targeting Christians.
“The moment they entered the community; they started shooting sporadically. They first invaded the first ECWA Church where children and adults were abducted. Not less than 30 people are still in custody of these people.
“This man here (pointing to the man) is an evangelist, Cherubim and Seraphim. He narrowly escaped after they entered his church and sat down comfortably. So, if anybody is telling me that this is not genocide against Christians, i don’t know where you are getting your story from,” he said.
Data shows deepening crisis
The Ayetoro-Kiri tragedy fits into a larger, increasingly trend of worsening insecurity across the Northcentral region of the country, particularly Kogi and Kwara States.
A review of conflict incident data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) shows that between January and December 15, 2025, Kogi State recorded at least 150 fatalities and 365 abductions linked to armed violence.
Distribution of killings and abductions across Kogi LGA
These figures show a troubling expansion of attacks, particularly in the state’s western axis where church assaults have been reported.
The data highlights Yagba West (55 deaths), Lokoja (37), and Kabba (18) as the three deadliest local government areas in 2025, together accounting for more than two-thirds of all reported killings statewide.
These LGAs, alongside Yagba East, which recorded 11 deaths, form the centre of Kogi West Senatorial District, the same region that has witnessed a series of coordinated raids in recent months.
On abduction, Lokoja tops with 100 recorded kidnappings, followed by Dekina (60), Ofu (50), and Kabba (45). Residents who spoke with The ICIR mentioned that both death and abduction rate in the region are way beyond what’s in the media.
The ICIR gathered that the attacks frequently occur in areas connected by forest corridors that cut across Kogi West and into parts of Kwara, and Niger, providing mobility for armed groups and often complicating rescue or pursuit operations.
The recent concentration of abductions and killings in Kogi West suggests the region has become a transit and operations zone for multiple violent actors, some displaced by military pressure in the northwest, others motivated by ransom economies and the plan to expand territories.
Residents blame government of neglect
Across Ayetoro-Kiri, villagers told The ICIR that their repeated appeals for help have yielded little more than promises. Since the March attack that claimed five residents and led to the abduction of several others, they said, no lasting security measures have been implemented.
“You can see the condition of the room. There is no government presence here. What can you even construe? Absolutely nothing — no light, no road, everything. So, we have resigned to God,” Durowaye said.
He recounted how the violence that has now defined Ayetoro-Kiri began on March 27, 2025, when gunmen first invaded the community and abducted five residents.
He added that the attackers have continued to strike with impunity, while residents shoulder the full cost of ransom and defence.
Oba Durowaye showing the only available local riffle for the community’s defence to The ICIR.
“Since March, we have been battling this alone. The government has not helped us. We have resigned to our fate,” he said.
Before the attacks began, Durowaye said, Ayetoro-Kiri was one of the largest and most peaceful communities in the region.
Many residents echoed this sentiment, describing a cycle of government neglect, including bad roads and lack of basic amenities in the town.
Residents said the absence of patrols or checkpoints has emboldened the attackers, who now move freely across farms and attack them.
They faulted the state government for failing to establish permanent security posts in violence-prone areas, despite repeated incidents.
Displaced families and those of victims of the abduction from Kabba-Bunu, told The ICIR that they have received no relief materials or welfare support days after losing their homes and livelihoods.
Overwhelmed local operative
Olufemi Moses, 45, one of the commanders of the vigilante group in Aiyetoro-Kiri knows all too well the danger his community faces, especially in recent months.
He was sitting alongside friends not too far when the bandits stormed the village on that Sunday morning and started shooting. Moses said he ran home the moment he saw them riding into the village to grab my rifle.
By that time, the attackers had moved towards his house, closing in and firing as he tried to arm himself. A bullet struck the lower part of his back. Moses explained that he was also able to gundown the ones that attacked him before he was chased by several others.
Olufemi Moses, 45, nearly killed furing the Sunday’s attack
Using the hill behind his house for cover, he scrambled into the rough terrain and climbed over the mountain. “Only God kept me alive,” he said, describing the desperate climb and the moments when he thought his life might end.
The community vigilante said they often confront attackers armed with limited resources such as revolvers, shotguns, muzzle-loaded rifles, and homemade weapons, far less sophisticated than the firearms used by terrorist
To make up for this disadvantage, they are said to rely on charms and oftentimes they have been killed while trying to repel raids.
Local security officers in-charge of Aiyetoro-Kiri safety
In Nigeria, the Firearms Act makes it illegal to possess or use heavy weapons, such as artillery, rockets, bombs, machine guns, and military-grade rifles, without a licence from the president. For personal firearms like shotguns, sporting rifles, and airguns, licences can be issued by the Inspector-General of Police. However, older muzzle-loading guns often used by local vigilantes, generally do not require a licence unless a state police authority specifically prohibits them.
“Almost all the vigilantes have left. The few numbers remaining—if they have to face these people—were nearly overpowered. It was only God that saved them,” the village head said.
“See what they were fighting with (pointing to the local gun) against somebody that came with an AK-47, standing gun. They only have guns and if you even shoot it at times, it can even hook. One even shot his own gun, the thing broke into two. So this is the kind of experience we have as a community.”
Kidnapped victims beg for help
In a video circulating on social media, several of the kidnapped victims are seen pleading for government intervention to secure their release. The footage shows about ten children and five elderly women—two of whom lean on walking sticks and several others begging for government intervention.
The abductors appear to have recorded the video as a way to draw the government’s attention to their demands, of which residents and local residents said haven’t shown since the incident happened.
Residents who have seen the clip told The ICIR that, despite the growing public outcry, no government officials have visited the community or made any visible effort toward securing the victims’ freedom since the attack.
Although the community head said the local government chairman, Zacchaeus Dare Michael, held meeting with people of his town in Kabba, not much development has been recorded.
Family members of the abducted victims told The ICIR that the video was shared with some community members through WhatsApp groups and later spread widely on Facebook and X. In the short clip, some of the children could be seen crying, while the elderly women appeared exhausted and frightened. All of them, speaking in Yoruba, begged the government and public to come to their rescue.
Terrorists demand over N600 million ransom
Further findings revealed that the terror group has contacted leaders of the Aiyetoro-Kiri community, demanding ₦20 million ransom per victim. With more than 30 people abducted, the kidnappers are now asking for over ₦600 million in total for their release.
According to community sources, the captors first reached out to the village head two days after the abduction, initially demanding ₦100 million for all the victims. However, in a follow-up call on Tuesday, the kidnappers revised their conditions, insisting that they must now pay N20 million per person.
The demand has thrown the small farming community into deeper distress, as most residents said they cannot afford even a fraction of the ransom.
Sources told The ICIR that the kidnappers have also issued threats to begin harming the hostages if payments are not made soon.
Force mobilisation, eight days after attack
Contrary to the Kogi State Government’s account, residents of Ayetoro-Kiri have raised serious questions about the accuracy of the official narrative.
Community sources told The ICIR that no police or military personnel were present in the village for several days following the attack, contradicting claims of an immediate security deployment.
Speaking on News Central Television on Monday, December 15, a day after the incident, Commissioner for Information and Communications, Kingsley Femi Fanwo, said troops from the 12 Brigade of the Nigerian Army and personnel of the Kogi State Police Command had already been deployed to the community.
Residents, however, reported that only a few mobile police officers from a neighbouring town appeared hours after the attack and left shortly thereafter. Independent findings by The ICIR confirmed that there was no security presence in the village or surrounding areas. Aside from a few checkpoints manned by local vigilantes, the roads leading into the town were free of police, military, or SSS personnel, contradicting government statements.
The village head later confirmed that the military only arrived in Ayetoro-Kiri eight days after the attack.
Further efforts to speak with Kabba/Bunu LGA chairman Zacchaeus Dare Michael, proved abortive as he failed to grant an interview. The ICIR had first called him on Monday December 15, but he failed to respond. When he eventually did on Tuesday December 16, he told this reporter that he would only grant a physical interview, of which the reporter obliged.
However, he failed to respond to subsequent text message and call seeking for details of the meeting.
Update: The report was edited to remove the number of people left in the village.
OVER the past two years of President Bola Tinubu’s administration, Nigeria has grappled with severe economic hardship, increasingly dominating the government’s focus. In 2025, these pressures intensified, turning the year into a particularly challenging period marked by rising insecurity and growing international scrutiny.
The convergence of these challenges forced difficult but necessary national conversations on security, governance, and accountability.
In this report, The ICIR looks back at the key issues that made 2025 a watershed moment for the country and for Bola Tinubu’s presidency.
Insecurity
While there were many significant issues that shaped the trajectory of the year, none of them defined 2025 more sharply than insecurity. The year was marked by a disturbing resurgence of mass kidnappings, attacks on rural communities by terror groups and criminal attacks across many states in the Northern region of the country.
In most of these attacks, The ICIR gathered, there were severe casualties, including killings and abductions of hundreds of people, mass displacement and land grabbing.
Earlier in June, The ICIR reported how 25 children were among the over 60 victims killed in Zikke and Hurti and their surrounding villages in Plateau state. Among the casualties of the onslaught on these Plateau communities were dozens of women. Despite government claims that the violence was communal clashes, community leaders and victims insisted there was no provocation and that the attacks were meant to instil fear and intimidation.
Also, on the early hours of Friday, April 18, 2025, a day to commemorate the crucifixion and death of Jesus Christ, residents of Tse Shawa, a small town in Ukum Local Government Area (LGA) of Benue State were attacked by gunmen.
They had earlier heard news about the attacks in some of the neighbouring villages and were prepared to flee in the event of such attacks on their village. By 9 a.m. on the fateful day, armed men descended on the village wielding sophisticated weapons. They fired indiscriminately at the villagers, leaving at least 11 people dead.
These attacks were few of the instances of attacks that ravaged the country before incidents that followed the allegations of the Christian genocide in Nigeria.
The ICIR reported how residents and worshippers in Eruku town, Ekiti Local Government Area of Kwara State, were thrown into panic as armed bandits attacked a local Church on November 18. In a live-stream video seen by The ICIR, the worshippers, including children and the elderly, were singing and waving their hands in devotion when sporadic gunshots rented the air across the premises.
In the aftermath of the incident, at least two people were confirmed dead by the Kwara State police command in a statement. The command confirmed that the attack, which occurred around 6 p.m., led to the death of one Aderemi, and Tunde Asaba Ajayi, a vigilante.
Mass kidnapping of students
Beyond the attacks on communities across several northern states, Nigeria saw different mass abduction of students within the space of one week.
The first abduction happened in Kebbi State, where 24 schoolgirls were kidnapped during a midnight raid on their school, shortly after a military detachment reportedly left the premises.
Sequel to the Kebbi abduction, The ICIR reported how terrorists in the early hours of Friday, November 21, stormed St. Mary’s Papiri Private Catholic Secondary School in the Papiri community of Agwara Local Government Area, Niger State, and abducted over 200 students and teachers.
Although, the Nigerian government has secured the release of the Kebbi snd Niger students.
The mass kidnapping of schoolchildren has surged in Nigeria since the 2014 Chibok abduction, forcing states like Kaduna, Zamfara, Katsina, and Niger to shut thousands of schools over insecurity.
Economic hardship remained unrelenting
Although official economic indicators pointed to stabilisation, with inflation dropping to around 16 per cent and GDP growing modestly, Nigerians saw little improvement in their daily lives.
The ICIR reports that food prices remained high, transport costs did not ease, and many households struggled to cope with consistently rising living costs. Businesses continued to operate in uncertainty, with surveys showing inflation and inconsistent policies as their biggest concerns.
This was despite the repeated claims by the government that the reforms taking shape, the gap between policy gains and real-life experience remained stark.
The ICIR reports that a significant decline in the annual food inflation figure is technically due to the change in the base year methodology. Accordingly, on a month-on-month basis, the food inflation rate in October 2025 was -0.37 per cent, up by 1.21 per cent compared to September 2025 (-1.57 per cent).
Notably, the October inflation marks the seventh consecutive monthly decline since April 2025.
Strikes, more strikes
At least three nationally significant strikes shook Nigeria in 2025. During each strike, there was growing exhaustion of workers who said they were tired of the government’s inaction under Tinubu.
It was a year when the country’s frustrations spilled into the streets, hospital corridors, lecture halls, and government offices, making strikes one of the clearest reflections of a nation under pressure in 2025, unlike the first two years when Tinubu came to office.
The most telling sign came on November 1, when the Nigerian Association of Resident Doctors (NARD) downed tools nationwide. For 29 days, many public hospitals were reduced to emergency-only operations, with many patients waiting endlessly on benches, while some turned back entirely.
The association noted that its National Officers Committee (NOC) had carried out the 30-day ultimatum mandate to the best of its ability but expressed concern that “some elements in government and outside government have very evil and exploitative plans for resident doctors in this country.”
Just weeks earlier, the education sector had been thrown into turmoil when the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) declared yet another nationwide strike in October.
ASUU insisted it had no choice, pointing to failed agreements, payment of earned academic allowances and withheld salaries, settlement of promotion arrears, and an underfunded university system pushed to its knees.
Also, in July, the National Association of Nigeria Nurses and Midwives (NANNM) announced a seven-day warning strike after months of pleas about unsafe working conditions, stagnant salaries, and dangerous staffing shortages.
Although the strike was suspended after four days, it reportedly paralysed nursing services in several hospitals.
Controversy that trailed christian genocide claims
Nigeria’s reputation also suffered significant blows in 2025. The United States designated the country a Country of Particular Concern (CPC) over alleged religious freedom violations.
This designation also came with visa restrictions on individuals accused of enabling abuses.
The controversy grew after the U.S. President Donald Trump made comments suggesting possible American military intervention if attacks on Christians continued.
Reacting, President Bola Tinubu, on September 30, dismissed allegations of religious genocide in Nigeria as unfounded, stressing that the nation is built on the faith and resilience of its people.
Tinubu affirmed that no religion is under threat in the country, adding that after 65 years of independence, Nigerians have learned to value and embrace their cultural and religious diversity.
Following that the National Security Adviser (NSA), Nuhu Ribadu, met with a United States congressional delegation in Abuja on Sunday, December 7, as part of ongoing security talks between both countries on the matter.
Also, in a statement after the meeting, Congress member Riley M. Moore described the conversation as “productive and positive,” emphasising that the delegation discussed concrete actions that could significantly strengthen Nigeria’s security architecture if the discussions were fully executed.
According to the delegation, the US is particularly concerned about terrorist attacks in the North-East and the killing of Christians in parts of the Middle Belt.
Coup scare
With coups sweeping through several African countries, Nigeria experienced its own moment of political anxiety.
Sahara Reporters had on 18 October published a report alleging that 16 military officers arrested by the Armed Forces were involved in a plot to overthrow President Bola Tinubu. Premium Times later detailed how the alleged plot was being coordinated before security agencies intercepted it. The reports triggered anxiety within government circles and were cited as a reason the Presidency cancelled the traditional Independence Day parade scheduled for 1 October.
According to the reports, senior officials, including President Tinubu, Vice President Kashim Shettima, Senate President Godswill Akpabio and House Speaker Tajudeen Abbas, were allegedly marked for assassination as part of the plan.
Although the Defence Headquarters did not explicitly confirm a coup attempt, military insiders told Premium Times that the arrests were linked to intelligence about plans to destabilise the government. One source said the officers had fixed a tentative date for a takeover and were holding discreet meetings when the operation leaked.
A military panel was subsequently convened to investigate what authorities described as “indiscipline and breach of service regulations.”
Sixteen officers were initially detained, but more arrests were made as investigations widened.
THE Chairman of the Presidential Fiscal Policy and Tax Reforms Committee, Taiwo Oyedele, has assured Nigerians that the National Assembly would look into the alleged discrepancies in the gazetted tax laws and take necessary actions.
Onn Wednesday, December 17, Abdussamad Dasuki, a member of the House of Representatives from Sokoto, claimed that the gazetted tax laws available to Nigerians were different from the laws passed by the National Assembly.
Responding, the lawmakers constituted a seven-member committee to investigate the alleged discrepancies.
Clarifying the development on Channels Television’s ‘Morning Brief’ show on Monday, December 22, Oyedele said the lawmakers were best positioned to address the alleged discrepancies since they passed the bill to President Bola Tinubu for assent.
“Let’s wait for the findings of the lawmakers. If, indeed, there were alterations,” he said.
He added, “And if those alterations were substantial, in other words, they’re not editorial, then the next step would be to see how best to address those issues.”
Oyedele stressed that before anyone could claim there is a difference between the gazetted tax laws and what was passed, they must have both copies.
“We have what is gazetted, we don’t have what was passed.
“So, the official harmonised bills certified by the clerk, which the National Assembly sent to the president, we don’t have a copy to compare. That’s a fundamental issue that people need to be aware of.
“So, only the lawmakers can say authoritatively that ‘this is what we sent’. And that ‘what we sent’, shouldn’t be the House of Representatives version, it shouldn’t be the Senate version. It should be the harmonised version certified by the clerk,” the tax expert said.
He also cautioned that what had been circulating online and widely reported by a section of the media was fake.
Oyedele added that the committee should be allowed to investigate because “it is not just about the tax reform laws, it’s about our processes.
THE year 2025 was marked by misinformation involving Nigerian public figures, international events, and high-profile incidents across politics, economics, and social issues.
As social media continues to play a dominant role in information dissemination, statements, videos, and images shared online are increasingly scrutinised for accuracy.
Prominent among the fact-checked issues this year were the deluge of misinformation that followed remarks by former U.S. President Donald Trump, who designated Nigeria as a “Country of Particular Concern” over alleged persecution of Christians.
His statements prompted widespread reactions, generating numerous misleading claims that attributed false statements and actions to Nigerian officials, political actors, and other personalities. Videos, photos, and posts were shared out of context or manipulated to suggest responses that never occurred.
Domestic political developments also fuelled misinformation. President Bola Tinubu’s tax reforms, clashes involving FCT Minister Nyesom Wike, disruptions on Ibom Air flights, and narratives surrounding former President Muhammadu Buhari’s health were all targets of false or misleading online stories. International events, such as the sudden death of footballer Diogo Jota, the Ivory Coast coup rumours, and Donald Trump’s inauguration, were also misrepresented for local audiences, further complicating the information landscape.
This report highlights some of the most notable verifications conducted by The FactCheckHub in 2025. It covers cases where videos, quotes, and images were misrepresented, recycled, or fabricated, resulting in false impressions among the public. The following list is presented in no particular order and provides insights into the claims that gained traction online.
1. Christian Genocide allegation and Donald Trump’s remarks on Nigeria
Following former U.S. President Donald Trump’s pronouncements about Nigeria being a “Country of Particular Concern” over alleged persecution of Christians, multiple misleading posts circulated online, attributing statements and actions to Nigerian officials and political figures.
A video shared on X by @IMC_BRGIE showed President Bola Tinubu saying, “We have no fear of whatever Trump is doing,” and was captioned: “Nigerians have no fear of whatever Trump is doing.” The clip, which gained over 1,000 views and 80 reposts, was presented as a response to Trump’s threat of possible U.S. military action.
FactCheckHub’s analysis revealed the video predates Trump’s November 2 remarks by two months. The full version, uploaded to YouTube on September 2, 2025, was about Nigeria’s economic achievements, not U.S. foreign policy. The claim was therefore misleading.
Similarly, a widely shared photo showing National Security Adviser Nuhu Ribadu meeting with service chiefs was falsely linked to Trump’s threat. The image, circulated by X user @whitenigerian, implied the meeting was convened in response to the U.S. president’s statement.
Reverse image searches showed that the photo predates Trump’s October 31 declaration, having been posted on October 28, 2025, and previously used in news coverage. In reality, the meeting concerned routine coordination among newly appointed service chiefs, unrelated to Trump. This claim was also misleading.
Another claim alleged that Trump had revoked 80,000 visas exclusively for Nigerians. The X post by @MasterBolaji was widely shared, but FactCheckHub found that the U.S. Department of State revoked visas for citizens of multiple countries, including Nigeria, as part of a broad enforcement initiative. This claim was therefore misleading.
A TikTok video showing women wailing in front of a burning building circulated with the caption that it depicted a church set ablaze by Islamic extremists in northern Nigeria. Investigation revealed that the video actually showed a fire at Kwapong Nursing Training College in Ghana, not Nigeria. The claim linking the footage to Nigeria was misleading.
Finally, a claim that former Kano State governor and NNPP presidential candidate Rabiu Kwankwaso deleted his X post reacting to Trump’s comments was found to be false. The post remains visible on his verified X account (@KwankwasoRM) and clearly addresses Trump’s remarks, urging cooperation rather than confrontation.
2. Wike – Yerima altercation
A video circulating on social media suggested that President Bola Tinubu praised FCT Minister Nyesom Wike following a clash with Nigerian Navy officer Lieutenant Ahmed Yerima. The clip, shared by a Facebook page Progressive Nigerian Politics, showed Tinubu saying, “Wike is a good man and a performing minister,” and was captioned as the president backing Wike over the military.
The FactCheckHub review revealed the video predates the November 11, 2025, incident by nearly a year. The full clip, originally published in December 2024, captured Tinubu addressing journalists in Lagos about Wike’s performance as a minister, not a response to any naval altercation. This claim was therefore misleading.
A related claim misrepresented a quote attributed to Tinubu, saying “They put their lives on the line to defend the sovereignty of this country”, as his reaction to the Wike-Yerima clash. The statement was shared by a Facebook user, Nigeria News- Headline Today, suggesting the president sided with the military over Wike.
The FactCheckHubfound that the comment was made in the context of the Nigerian Guild of Editors conference on November 12, 2025, addressing the broader role of the military in protecting citizens and combating terrorism and banditry. The quote had no connection to the FCT land dispute, making the claim misleading.
3. Misleading claims about President Tinubu’s new tax reforms
Following the signing of Nigeria’s new tax reforms by President Bola Tinubu in June 2025, several misleading claims circulated online. Social media posts suggested that starting January 2026, Nigerians earning ₦800,000 and above annually would be subjected to personal income tax rates of 11 to 20 per cent, while another claim stated that Nigerians would pay ₦500 for every ₦10,000 spent on petrol under the new law.
A post on X by Naija PR, for instance, stated that the surcharge on petrol would apply from January 2026, gaining over four million views. While a 5 per cent levy on fuel is stipulated in law, FactCheckHub clarified that this was not a new tax.
The Nigeria Tax Administration Act 2025, signed on June 26, revives an existing provision, requires official commencement via the Gazette, and exempts cleaner fuels such as kerosene, LPG, and CNG. There is also no confirmed start date for the surcharge, and the rate has been in effect in a similar form since the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency Act of 2007.
Similarly, posts claiming that President Tinubu would introduce a 20 per cent tax on anyone earning ₦800,000 or more annually misrepresented the law. In reality, the personal income tax system under the 2025 Act is progressive:
First ₦800,000: 0%
Next ₦2.2 million: 15%
Next ₦9 million: 18%
Next ₦13 million: 21%
Next ₦25 million: 23%
Above ₦50 million: 25%
The viral claims erroneously treated ₦800,000 as a monthly income rather than the annual threshold set by the law. Individuals earning ₦800,000 or less per year remain fully exempt, while the rates progressively increase for higher earners.
Dada Olusegun, Special Assistant to the President, confirmed that the new tax framework is progressive and fair, with low-income earners paying little or nothing and higher earners paying proportionately more.
4. Flight disruption
In August 2025, videos circulated on X showing passengers on Ibom Air flights being confronted by security operatives, with claims linking them to the recent controversies involving Fuji musician Wasiu Ayinde (KWAM 1) and passenger Comfort Emmanson. One video, shared by @Oluwanyo with the caption “KWAM 1 has started a Trend!”, had over 700 reposts and 900 likes by August 13.
Fact-checking revealed that the footage was misleading. Reverse image searches traced the video back to January 8, 2025, when a passenger refused to board an Ibom Air flight from Uyo to Abuja after discovering her luggage had not been loaded. The standoff escalated until the flight was eventually cancelled, leaving 89 passengers stranded. This incident was entirely separate from both the KWAM 1 and Comfort Emmanson occurrences in August 2025.
Another video, shared by @Oxygist, showing a passenger being confronted on a flight, was also falsely tied to recent events. In reality, the clip originated from March 31, 2023, when a man disrupted an Ibom Air flight from Abuja to Lagos by shouting political slogans about President Bola Tinubu. Security operatives removed the passenger, and Ibom Air issued a statement clarifying the incident.
5. False claims about former President Muhammadu Buhari’s health and death
Amid viral rumours in 2025 that former Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari was critically ill, multiple videos and posts circulated online, claiming he had passed away. One video showed Northern dignitaries at a funeral and was shared as evidence of Buhari’s burial. The post, widely shared on X and Facebook, claimed: “They finally unveil the death of Muhammad Buhari.”
Fact-checking revealed that the video was misleading. Reverse image searches and verification of key frames showed that it actually depicted the funeral of Safara’u Umar Radda, mother of Katsina State Governor Dikko Umaru Radda, held on March 23, 2025. Multiple news outlets confirmed the event, which was attended by local governors and dignitaries.
Another viral claim suggested that Buhari had died in London, comparing it to the death of former President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua abroad in 2010. This claim was false. Yar’Adua had been treated in Saudi Arabia and Germany for health complications, but was brought back to Nigeria before he died in Abuja. Buhari himself was alive, and no credible reports confirmed his death in 2025.
A further claim falsely attributed to Aisha Buhari, former First Lady, stated that her husband had died in 2017. Fact-checkers determined this was also false. The post originated from impersonation accounts, and no verified social media or official sources confirmed such a statement. The image itself showed signs of digital manipulation.
A TikTok video showing a patient being wheeled through a hospital was circulated as Buhari’s final moments. Analysis revealed the footage was originally from March 2023, depicting a U.S. hospital farewell ceremony for Mercedes Castañeda, a brain-dead Colombian woman about to donate her organs. The visuals and music were unrelated to Buhari.
6. Diogo Jota’s Death
Following the sudden death of Portuguese footballer Diogo Jota in a car accident on July 3, 2025, social media was flooded with tributes and reactions. Amid the outpouring of grief, several videos went viral, generating misinformation.
One video showed a group of Liverpool supporters marching on a street, which some users claimed depicted Nigerian fans mourning Jota. In reality, careful examination revealed that the footage was from Gulu, northern Uganda, as indicated by banners reading “NORTHERN UGANDA LIVERPOOL FANS,” and local reporting confirmed the march took place there.
Another video falsely claimed that Rihanna had released a tribute song for Jota. Analysis by fact-checkers showed the clip was AI-generated and digitally manipulated, with no official release or verification from the singer’s channels. Audio recognition tools and platform checks confirmed the content was synthetic.
7. A coup that never occurred
Another major misinformation wave this year centred on viral posts claiming that the Ivory Coast had experienced a military coup. Several X users circulated videos and alarming captions alleging gunfire in Abidjan, the disappearance or death of President Alassane Ouattara, and buildings being set ablaze as part of the supposed uprising. Some of these posts garnered hundreds of thousands of views.
The FactCheckHubinvestigations, supported by multiple journalists in Abidjan, confirmed that no coup took place. President Ouattara was publicly active during the period, including participating in the UNESCO Félix Houphouët-Boigny Prize ceremony and chairing a council of ministers meeting. Local reporters also noted that daily life in Abidjan remained normal, with no unusual military activity.
One widely circulated video showing a burning building was also misrepresented. A reverse image search revealed that the footage came from a February 5, 2025, fire at the Adjamé Château shopping centre in Abidjan and had no connection to any political unrest.
Despite a regional backdrop where several West and Central African countries have experienced coups since 2020, fact-checkers found no credible evidence of a similar event in the Ivory Coast. The claims were either false or misleading, driven by recycled footage and sensational social media narratives.
8. Trump’s inauguration
One of the biggest events that occurred in 2025 was the inauguration of Donald Trump as the 47th president of America. The development led to a series of misinformations regarding the event.
The ceremony, held in the US Capitol Rotunda because of freezing weather, was attended by figures such as Joe Biden, Kamala Harris, Barack Obama, political allies, and thousands of supporters. His return sparked concern among immigrant communities due to his tough immigration policies.
The inauguration also triggered a wave of misinformation online, especially among Nigerian and African audiences.
One viral claim falsely alleged that Nigeria’s Labour Party presidential candidate, Peter Obi, was invited to Trump’s inauguration. FactCheckHub’s investigation showed that this was false, as he did not appear on any official guest list. The misleading story originated from a pro-Obi platform that only referenced an X post by Nenadi Usman, who attended on behalf of the Labour Party.
Another false claim circulated that Burkina Faso’s military leader, Ibrahim Traoré, rejected a personal invitation from Donald Trump. Fact-checking revealed that Traoré was never invited, and his name did not appear in the official list of foreign guests.
Media reports from outlets like the Associated Press and Al Jazeera confirmed that only a small number of foreign leaders were invited to the ceremony, including China’s Xi Jinping, Argentina’s Javier Milei, Italy’s Giorgia Meloni, France’s Emmanuel Macron, and others. Historically, foreign heads of state rarely attend U.S. presidential inaugurations.
In both cases, fact-checkers found no credible evidence supporting the viral claims, concluding that the stories were false and based on misleading social media posts.
9. Anambra election
On November 8, residents of the state went to the polls to elect their next administrator. Despite high expectations for a transparent electoral process, the campaign period, election day, and the aftermath were characterised by a flurry of unverified claims and viral content designed to confuse voters and undermine the electoral process.
Reports circulated online claiming that a certain candidate had won, violent incidents occurred, that officials were caught with cash, and that voting malpractices were rampant. Many of these stories, however, were found to be false or misleading, fact-checks by the Nigerian Fact-Checkers’ Coalition (NFC) later revealed.
Over the three days, the coalition fact-checked multiple claims but was able to conclude on a total of 28 claims. Out of these, six were verified as correct, 14 as incorrect, seven as misleading, and one as unproven.
THE Federal Government has declared Thursday, December 25, Friday, December 26, 2025, and Thursday, January 1, 2026, as public holidays to mark Christmas, Boxing Day, and New Year celebrations.
Minister of Interior, Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo, announced the holidays on Monday, December 22, on behalf of the Federal Government. He extended Christmas and New Year greetings to Christians in Nigeria and across the world, as well as to all Nigerians.
Tunji-Ojo urged Christians to reflect on the values of love, peace, humility, and sacrifice exemplified by the birth of Jesus Christ, noting that these virtues remained critical to national unity, tolerance, and peaceful coexistence.
He also called on Nigerians, regardless of religious or ethnic background, to use the festive period to pray for peace, security, and the continued progress of the country, while supporting the Federal Government’s efforts at national development.
Meanwhile, the Inspector-General of Police, Kayode Egbetokun, has ordered a nationwide deployment of police personnel and operational assets to ensure a safe and peaceful Yuletide season.
According to a statement by the Force Public Relations Officer, Benjamin Hundeyin, the deployment will involve increased patrols, visibility policing, intelligence-led operations, and confidence-building engagements across all states.
The statement noted that specialised units, including the Police Mobile Force, Counter-Terrorism Unit, Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Command, and the Intelligence Response Team, had been placed on heightened alert.
The police said security coverage would be intensified around churches, recreational centres, markets, transport terminals, highways, and other public spaces, with additional patrols activated along major roads and inter-state routes to prevent crime and traffic-related incidents.
Egbetokun also directed state commands to sustain raids on identified crime hotspots and forests, while strengthening collaboration with other security agencies and community stakeholders.
The police chief urged Nigerians to remain vigilant, celebrate responsibly, and cooperate with security agencies by reporting suspicious activities, assuring the public of the Force’s commitment to ensuring a peaceful festive season.
